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The basic difference between the Buddhism and the other Indian religions
is the Origin theory, which is also the core idea of the Buddhism.
According to the Origin theory, Buddhism believed that the society is
composed of the cause, individual, family, social organization
constituted the society. The Buddhism’s social view is the numerous
reasons gathered and its social aim is attaining “gathering”. Therefore,
the constituent of society cannot overemphasize itself, each course
could coordinate and cooperate, in this way, the social stability and
peace can maintain, for example, the social harmony of the ancient
India.
The chapter one the gather of the family,
social organization and classes
Early Buddhism embarks by
this basic concept, believed that the individual and the relative could
“harmony” and cooperate, In the family, the Buddhism also stressed that
the younger could filial and provide the elder.
But in traditional
family, individual is only its member and only enjoys the corresponding
right depending on its status as a family member. May also say that if
he loses this status, he will lose all. Obey the family is the most
important. But the family relation is maintaining by the rank order on
the blood relationship, so the harmony under the family responsibility
conscious is covering the bloody battle and the painful sacrifice. In
the modern society, individual had the independence, but because of
this, the family’s harmony which established intrinsically on the
individual aware has bigger possibility. As a result of Buddhism’s
social view is building on the equality, but equality means confirming
the independence of the main body. Therefore, the Buddhism’s family
gather theory which emphasizes the children should filial but the
parents should also respect their children appears more important.
At that time the Indian’s reality is the existence of the strict
difference between the social classes which stipulates by the caste
system. The Buddhism did not avoid.
In the traditional society,
the social classes are invariable and the family background has roughly
doomed his “destiny”. But in the modern society, the possibility that
individual no longer attach to its owner class to survive is much
bigger. And the realistic possibility which the Buddhism’s retribution
of karma origin theory discussed that the individual’s destiny can
depend on its “industry” to “convert” is also much bigger. Pulling up to
the upper class depending on its owner diligence or reducing to the
lower class because of unfortunate is ordinary. The relation of each
social class is not invariable, according to its “industry”: the entire
class has the possibility to rise or to reduce. But the industry is the
cause, the other conditions are predestine, the cause and the predestine
gather to the result. If the Individual and social classes want to
maintain the original status, they must attach importance to the karma.
If one wants to raise their social position, he should do more goodwill.
A basic difference between the modern society and the traditional
society is the individual and the lower class in possession of relative
independence, but no longer attach to family or the upper class. It
makes the equality which the Buddhism advocated no longer a dream. The
modern society is the residential society; the individual condenses
through the voluntary social organization of all forms and is engaged in
each social work and enterprise, but no longer in a state of disunity
like in the tradition society. Various residential associations must
consolidate and maintain, and must pay attention to the cause and
gather.
The chapter two the monk roll and the Buddhism gathering
The early Buddhism monk roll requested the monk; the Buddhism four
audience to be together achieve “six respects” in principle .its
internal policy-making management also has the democratic tradition. At
that time “all business in the monk handled by the monk numerous
council, didn’t allow one person or small number of people act
arbitrarily. About the conference procedure, the conference date, the
work self-criticism, the personal behavior self-criticism and so on had
the detailed stipulation. This is Buddhism’s fine tradition, it’s too
shallow to think deeply and spread broadly. In the modern society ,the
Buddhism association takes of a special type resident society each
voluntary union organizations, religious organization’s inside and
outside respect is more important, specially compared with the
paternalistic suppression pattern ,which is formed by the patriarchal
society tradition ,through the democratic way to listen attentively to
the difficult call ,make earnest self –criticism, raise the
decision-making management level, so processing the monk roll internal
affair to be able to manifest six respects principle well.
As for
the respect between the monk and the Buddhist, the early Buddhism’s
principle will not change, but the modern society devout audiences
respect the Buddhist from heart, more look that their monk standard,
such as abiding by the commandments, the impressive and dignified
manner, the Buddhist quality, a pious life attainments and so on, but no
longer only look at the statuses and the Buddhist monk’s robes
semblance. The monk accepts disciples in home, also pay great attention
intrinsic quality, not only look that their status, assets and so on,
this is the reliable foundation of respects. Whether the Buddhism
association interior cause gathering, it is also decide its
retrogression or development.
The chapter three the harmony of law
and political order
Early Buddhist believed that the Buddhists also
had the duty to the national society, firstly, abiding by the law,” if
violate the country system, scholars also commit crimes. Secondly, they
should be grateful to society and country.” Graciousness in society has
four kinds: 1, parent’s graciousness. 2. All living things (this refer
to society) graciousness, 3.kings (this refer to country). 4. Treasures
(this refer to Buddha law, monk) graciousness. If it owns four
graciousness, all living things are equally bear a burden.
Corresponding, increase one Arab league thought king’s responsibility is
must govern legally and reasonably, not by illegal or unreasonable. We
must respect the Buddhist highly. ”who can leally protect all living
things to be peaceful, namely for king…… the king takes people as
country, his status will stable. This is “people are basic” thought, and
it is similar to this idea of MenKe: “people expensive king is light”.
So the Buddhism which changes into Chinese Buddhism is about that it has
some substantial clause with Chinese culture.
But the modern
society is the legal principle theory of law society, opposing to the
essential political order, the economic order, the moral order says, the
legal order has the supreme status, state power’s operation, civil
society’s self-control, market economy’s benign movement rely on the
law. Therefore in the modern age, the citizens obey the law
self-consciousness and the government governs legally to the higher than
the traditional society. The gathering of them decides roughly
“government by law” realization. Either side is lack; maybe cause “the
government by law” failure. Therefore, in early Buddhism the precious
thought is neglected, the gathering between the law and managing state
affairs according to law, is worth excavating in modern country.
The ancient Indian Buddhist also participated in politics. Once Released
Sakyamuni advised to ancient India king, and some suggestions were
accepted. The Buddha had also affirmed highly the point the king’s
taxation. Power must be acknowledged by people, which ancient Indian Sa
Zhe admonished the emperor. Then Released Sakyamuni gave Sa Zhe records
for his merits. So Buddhism agrees with the democracy, its preliminarily
democratic idea is also establish in all living things equality.
Modern politics gathering firstly is the above essential factor further
development, namely gathering must establish in the citizen equal
political rights, the government decision-making starting point must
represent the people long-term and the fundamental interests, in the
decision-making process should have people’s widespread participation,
the policy-making execution and changing must obtains the people’s
agreement. The political harmony firstly is the harmony of the country
and the people, but what is different from the traditional society is
the residential society itself can keep in balance to government
exercise of power. State agency interior authority exercises also keeps
in balance. Through restricting mutually achieves all quarter relation
in balance. This is modern society unique politics gathering.
It
can be seen, regardless of one person or the family, the social
organization, the social stratum relations looked personally, from the
inner or outside Buddhism relations, or from politics, the legal
relationship, the numerous reasons and gathering’s Buddhism society view
remains unchanged, but comparing with modern society’s cause and the
traditional society, the modern ones change much, therefore the content,
the way and reciprocity gathering is in readjusting