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habitual karma: bahula-kamma: s. karma.

hadaya-vatthu: 'heart as physical base' of mental life. The heart, according to the commentaries as well as to the general Buddhist tradition, forms the physical base (vatthu) of consciousness In the canonical texts, however, even in the Abhidhamma Pitaka, no such base is ever localized, a fact which seems to have first been discovered by Shwe Zan Aung (Compendium of Philosophy, pp. 277ff.). In the Patth. we find repeatedly only the passage: "That material thing based on which mind-element and mind-consciousness element function" (yam rúpam nissáya manodhátu ca mano-viññána-dhátu ca vattanti, tam rúpam).

hána-bhágiya-síla, h.-b.-samádhi, h.-b.-paññá: morality, concentration or wisdom connected with decline. The other three stages are: thiti-bhágiya-síla, etc. morality, etc. connected with a standstill; visesa-bhágiya síla, etc.: morality, etc. connected with progress; nibbedha-bhágiya síla, etc.: morality, etc. connected with penetration. Cf. A. IV, 179; VI. X, 71.

" 'Decline' (hána) is to be understood with regard to the arising of opposing qualities, 'standstill' (thiti) with regard to the standstill of the corresponding attentiveness, 'progress' (visesa) with regard to higher excellency, 'penetration' (nibbedha) with regard to the arising of perception and reflection connected with the turning away (from existence)" (Vis.M. III). Cf. vodána (2).

happiness, feeling of h.: s. sukha. - The idea of h. (of the world), s. vipallása.

happy courses of existence: s. gati.

harmlessness: s. avihimsá.

hasituppáda-citta: lit. 'consciousness producing mirth' (smile), is found in the Abhidhammattha Sangaha as a name for the joyful mind-consciousness element (manoviññána-dhátu, Tab. I. 72) arising as functional consciousness independent of karma (kiriya-citta), only in the Arahat. - (App.).

hate and hatelessness: (dosa, adosa) are two of the 6 karmical roots (múla, q.v.) or root-conditions (hetu; paccaya 1).

hate-rooted consciousness: s. Tab. I. (30, 31).

hate-natured: dosa-carita; s. carita.

health-infatuation: s. mada.

hearer (disciple): sávaka (q.v.).

heat-element: tejo-dhátu; s. dhátu.

hell: niraya (q.v.).

hetu: 'cause', condition, reason; (Abhidhamma) root-condition. In sutta usage it is almost synonymous with paccaya, 'condition', and often occurs together with it ('What is the cause, what is the condition', ko hetu ko paccayo).

In Abhidhamma, it denotes the wholesome and unwholesome roots (múla, q.v.). In that sense, as 'root-condition' (hetu-paccaya; s. paccaya), it is the first of the 24 conditions given in the introduction to the Patthána (s. Guide, p. 117). The Dhs (1052-1082) and Patthána (Duka-patth; Guide, p. 144) have sections on roots (hetu). - The term is also used (a) for the classification of consciousness, as sa-hetuka and a-hetuka, with and without concomitant root-conditions; (b) for a division of rebirth consciousness into ahetuka, dvihetuka and tihetuka, without, with 2, or with 3 root-conditions (s. patisandhi).

Ahetuka-ditthi, the false view of the uncausedness of existence; s. ditthi.

higher wisdom: clear insight based on h. w.: s. vipassaná. Training in H. W., s. sikkhá.

highest knowledge: s. aññá.

hindrances, the 5: nívarana (q.v.).

hiri-ottappa: 'moral shame and moral dread', are associated with all karmically wholesome consciousness (s. Tab. II).

"To be ashamed of what one ought to be ashamed of, to be ashamed of performing evil and unwholesome things: this is called moral shame. To be in dread of what one ought to be in dread of, to be in dread of performing evil and unwholesome things: this is called moral dread" (Pug, 79, 80).

"Two lucid things, o monks, protect the world: moral shame and moral dread. If these two things were not to protect the world, then one would respect neither one's mother, nor one's mother's sister, nor one's brother's wife, nor one's teacher's wife ...." (A. II, 7). Cf. ahirika. See Atthasálini Tr. I. pp. 164ff.

homelessness, going into pabbajjá (q.v.). Cf. Progress of the disciple.

human world: cf. loka, gati.